Arguments For and Against the Vaccine

Arguments For and Against the Vaccine Vaccine Debate Introduction There has always been a debate over the idea that children our newborns don’t need vaccinated. Some people think they give babies deadly diseases that would kill them. Who knows it may or may not be true. In this paper I’m going to go over both sides of this big debate and explain why getting your children vaccinated is VERY important, especially when it comes to your children’s lives. Another thing is how a vaccine even works to show you that vaccines are safe. The Doctor Is out: The anti-vaccination movement in America Since 1998, a growing fear surrounding vaccinations in the United States and England has been spreading. The claim is that vaccinations contain dangerous amounts of Mercury, Formaldehyde, and other toxins and can possibly link to bowel disease and autism. Despite mountains of evidence to the contrary, the anti-vaccination (which has gained the dubious moniker, anti-vax) movement continues to grow in The United States and England. This paper looks to outline the history of the movement, both historical vaccination scares and the modern incarnation of anti-vax, and shed light on the dangers of not having children vaccinated, as well as present evidence to the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. The current vaccination scare is nothing new, and is reminiscent of previous historical scares, the worst of which being in 19th Century Europe. In 1853, the British government passed the Vaccination Act of 1853, making vaccinations mandatory for all children in the first three months. The pas sage of the act caused a violent anti-vaccination movement to begin, with riots in Ipswich, Henley, and Mitford. Subsequently, the Anti-Vaccination League in London was formed the same year, giving the movement an appearance of credibility. In 1867, Parliament passed another law, The Compulsory Vaccination Act of 1867, extending the vaccination schedule to fourteen years. This caused more backlash within the anti-vaccination community, and more groups began forming, such as the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League, as well as scientific journals such as The Anti-Vaccinator (1869), The Vaccination Inquirer (1879) and The National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination Reporter (1874) (Wolf, Robert M; Sharp, Lisa K, British Medical Journal). The movement didn’t stop in England, however. By the 1870s it had spread to Sweden, and the vaccination rate in Stockholm dropped from 90% in 1872 to 40% in 1873. The Swedish government did little to react to this until Stockholm was hit by a major Smallpox pandemic in 1874. With so few people vaccinated against the virus, it spread quickly and ravaged the city, leaving 4,063 dead in Sweden, and 1,206 of those deaths in the city of Stockholm (Kotar, S.L., Smallpox: A History p. 177). Other countries weren’t immune to this outbreak, either. Europe was in the middle of the Franco-Prussian war at this time, meaning large forces were moving quickly across Europe, and taking the disease with them. Smallpox spread into Denmark and Norway, which led to 6,620 reported cases and 425 deaths in Denmark, and 2,235 cases with 275 deaths in Norway (Kotar, S.L., Smallpox: A History p. 177). By this point in history, a viable Smallpox vaccine was available and had been for decades. In 1798, Edward Jenner effectively immunized patients against Smallpox by injecting them with a weaker strain of Cowpox. The body’s immune response to fight off the Cowpox virus conferred a permanent immunity to contraction of Smallpox. The uproar over vaccine denial in Europe, however, made the vaccination useless, and while Sweden had laws in place requiring vaccinations, they were not well enforced. 49% of children weren’t immunized in Stockholm, the city that took the brunt of the pandemic. Understanding this direct cause and effect relationship between lack of vaccinations, mobility of people, and deaths from preventable diseases is important in the fight against the modern day anti-vaccination movement. Europe in the 1870‘s lost a portion of its population to a preventable disease, which was spread so quickly by the movement of armies during the Franco-Prussian war as well as the displacement of civilians resulting from the war. Smallpox, as with most diseases, incubates in people for a few days before symptoms are visible, however it is still possible to spread the virus while it’s in its incubatory stages. So, this means that many people who arrived in Sweden and Denmark that were carriers had no outward symptoms. They were interacting with a culture that was largely unvaccinated against Smallpox, allowing the disease to run rampant amongst the population with deadly consequences. Fast forward 130 years to the modern world and this scenario could again become a lethal reality. We live in a world that increasingly connected, where people travel daily from one country or continent to another, and with little effort. While there are vaccination laws in the United States and most of the rest of the developed world, places such as West Africa have no such laws, and very high rates of vaccine preventable illnesses. People can travel quickly and with relatively little effort from these places and back again in less than the amount of time it would take a viral infection to start showing symptoms. This is exactly what happened in Newark, Texas in 2013. The Eagle Mountain International Church in Newark is a church that boasts over 1,500 members. They are also vehement anti-vax proponents. In August of 2013 a member had traveled to Indonesia, where he contracted measles. He showed no outward symptoms upon his return to Texas and attended church, where he then spread the measles to other members of the congregation. Sixteen people contracted the illness, nine children and seven adults, none of whom had been vaccinated against it. One of the adults then spread the measles to nearby Denton, Texas, infecting another five people, again, not vaccinated (Aleccia, Jonel; NBC News). While this case was relatively mild and brought no fatalities, it shows a demonstrable pattern between vaccine denial, migration, and infection. To understand why vaccinations are important, it’s necessary to understand how they work; and to understand the denial movement it’s important to know the stance of the anti-vaccinationists. Without delving too much into the science (entire doctoral and PhD thesis have been written on the subject), vaccines work by injecting weak or paralyzed forms of viruses and other chemicals directly into the bloodstream of a patient. The patient’s (typically an infant) immune system then fights off the infection, and the body builds an immune response to the infection. This response is permanent, and the patient has now developed anti-bodies to various diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, How Vaccines Prevent Disease). The anti-vaccination stance is that vaccinations are not tested enough, that pharmaceutical companies cannot be trusted, and that the added chemicals in vaccinations aren’t safe for human consumption. They claim, as well, that parts from aborted fetuses, rabbit brains, dog kidney, and chicken embryos are used in the manufacture of vaccines, and that while you can always get a vaccination, you can’t undo an existing one. The list of chemicals in vaccinations is indeed staggering, according to the anti-vaccination camp. Thimerosol, MSG, anti-freeze, and formaldehyde are just a few of the long list of dangerous chemicals in vaccinations, according to the web site The Healthy Home Economist (http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/six-reasons-to-say-no-to-vaccination/). While it is true that many of these chemicals exist in vaccines, they are frequently in trace amounts not harmful to humans. Many of them are used only during the manufacturing process and are actually removed from the final product. Thimerosol, which contains ethyl mercury, is common in many vaccines, and is used as a disinfectant (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Vaccine Ingredients). Anti-vaxers have claimed for years that the addition of mercury into an infant is incredibly dangerous, however, a study published in The Lancet and conducted at the University Of Rochester proved just the opposite. 40 infants were randomly selected, 19 of them received vaccines with ethyl mercury, and 21 without. Blood, urine, and stool samples were then taken from the infants from three to twenty eight days after the initial vaccination. The infants were exposed to 111.3 micrograms of Thimerosol containing ethyl mercury (higher than is contained in vaccines) or to 82.5 micrograms if the i nfant was under 3 months old (for scale, 1 microgram is equal to 1.0e-9 kilograms). The findings showed that, between 4-10 days, the half-life decay of ethyl mercury was 95%, meaning that 95% of the chemical had dissipated from the infants in just over a week. Further, the trace amounts that were actually injected into the infants were incredibly minute, so much so that, by comparison, you would consume more mercury by eating an apple, almost ten times as much. Only one of the infants was shown to have an increased level of ethyl mercury after 28 days, but the amount still fell within the acceptable tolerance range (Pichichero, The Lancet). Mono Sodium Glutamate, or MSG, is present as well in vaccinations; however this chemical in small amounts is in no way harmful to humans. It’s commonly found in table salt and other food seasonings. While formaldehyde is indeed used in the manufacture of vaccines, it is not in the final product. The formaldehyde is used to paralyze the vir us that is going in the vaccination, and is subsequently removed before the vaccine is complete. The American Journal Of Public Health performed a study in 1954 of the use of formaldehyde in the poliomyelitis vaccine, and found it to be completely safe (American Journal Of Public Health, Salk, Jonas E. M.D., Volume 44 Issue 5). Anti-freeze is another harmful chemical that the anti-vaccinators will frequently tell you are contained within all vaccines. While this isn’t completely untrue, it’s not totally true either. It is more the subject of a poor understanding of chemistry. Anti-freeze is primarily methanol, which is in the chemical family of alcohols. However, methanol is completely harmless to humans in small amounts. Anti-freeze, though, is very poisonous in nearly any dosage. That’s due to the active ingredient, the freezing-point depressor ethylene-glycol. While methanol is certainly found in vaccines due to its sterile properties, ethylene-glycol certainly isn’t (Brown, M.D., Baby 411: Clear Answers Smart Advice about Your Baby’s Shots). The modern evolution of the anti-vaccination movement started in earnest with Dr. Andrew Wakefield in 1998. He published a study in The Lancet Medical Journal in which he claimed to have found a link between the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and Autism Spectrum Disorders, or ASD. The initial report sent shock waves through the medical community. However, four years later the results of his research were unable to be reproduced by any other medical team and speculation arose. Finally, in 2004, Brian Deer, an investigative journalist for The Sunday Times in London published his findings. In the course of his research into Dr. Wakefield’s study he found multiple conflicts of interest (Deer, Brian, The Sunday Times). His article prompted a lengthy investigation by the General Medical Council (GMC), England’s medical ethics and licensing board. During the course of their investigation, they found Andrew Wakefield to be guilty of serious professional misconduct and stripped him of his medical license, and had his home stricken from the Medical Register. The GMC found that he had accepted money from a private contingent of lawyers, the Legal Aid Board (LAB), who were engaging in a class action lawsuit against a vaccine production company. Wakefield was paid $84,160.00 (converted from Pounds Sterling) for his research, and it was concluded that over half of the money went directly to Mr. Wakefield instead of into the study. He was also found to be guilty of tampering with 5 of the patients, even though he had a strict no contact rule with all patient test subjects (General Medical Council, Fitness to Practice Council, 1-7). As far as a link between autism and the MMR vaccine, doctors have dismissed it as a classic case of correlation not being equal to causation. Most children are diagnosed with ASD shortly after they are vacc inated, but that’s only because nearly all children are vaccinated, and the age at which vaccinations take place are the same age at which ASD starts to show its symptoms, but there is no direct correlation between the two. Even though the evidence all points to the contrary, and the research and testing have proven vaccinations to be both safe and effective, vaccination denial is still a prevalent health issue. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) releases a weekly report, the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly. Report that shows all cases of infectious and communicable diseases reported in the United States. The data shows a clear spike of vaccine preventable illnesses, such as Measles, Diphtheria, Rubella, and Smallpox in geographical areas that have higher concentration of anti-vaccination advocates (Centers for Disease Control, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, report data for April 2014). The danger isn’t just for those who choose not to get vaccinated or choose not to get their children vaccinated. Vaccinations are so effective because of â€Å"herd immunity†. There are people who are incapable of getting vaccinated, either due to allergies or to rare medical conditions. They rely on the people around them to be properly vaccinated, thus eliminating a host for the virus. As rates of vaccination decline, the herd becomes smaller, and viruses and diseases will be able to find hosts easier, not only contaminating those foolish enough not to get vaccinated, but also those who are just unable to get vaccinated. Conclusion This is a dangerous and very real health concern. The CDC has (unofficially) referred to celebrities such as Jenny McCarthy and Bill Maher, who are staunch opponents of vaccinations, as public health threats. The data is clear, vaccinations are safe, and there is absolutely no link between vaccinations and autism. The media has leaned heavily on scare tactics to boost ratings, reporting that vaccinations are potentially dangerous and encouraging people to seek homeopathic or natural remedies instead of synthesized ones. It is our duty as a people to educate and be educated on such matters that concern our public health with such tremendous force.

Bad Boys I Synopsis

Bad Boys which was directed by the Michael Bay, former video director, had the chance to be recognized as this action comedy film had been a big hit. Allotting a very big budget for this movie was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson. The main casts in this film are two Miami cops, Mike Lowrey in the portrayal of Will Smith (a bachelor) and Marcus Burnett in the person Martin Lawrence (a family man). Their team up gives the film best shots.Lowrey and Burnett takes a highly dangerous case since 100 million dollars of heroin had been stolen out of the basement of police headquarters, which had been the biggest drug bust of their careers. These two Miami policemen have only got 72 hours to reclaim the heroin before the Internal Affairs Division shuts them down. A French drug kingpin named Fouchet (Tcheky Karyo), puts them hot on the trail, since this drug lord leaves a trace of bodies in his wake.Giving color to the story is played by Julie Mott (Tea Leoni), who witnessed the m urder of her friend, Maxine Logan (a hooker). She decided to contact the police and is willing to talk only to Mike but he doesn’t know what he looks like. Since Mike is not there, Marcus, his partner needs to pretend as Mike, living a bachelor lifestyle. In Mike’s return, he should also impersonate Marcus as a married man. What makes it exciting is that it has been complicated on both parts but they have to do it in order for them to get the support of the sole witness.This movie is a great film specially their concept of the â€Å"buddy† formula. The scenes are realistic and high violence gave the movie a very attractive taste to the viewers. By the end of the movie, what we care about are the story, picture and main characters which give the movie a very fantastic film. Bad Boys. (1995). Synopsis for Bad Boys. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0112442/. MSN movies. (1995). Bad Boys: Synopsis. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://movi es. msn. com/movies/movie-synopsis/bad-boys. 1/

Ruthless Outstanding Social Issue Persuasive Essay Samples Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Outstanding Social Issue Persuasive Essay Samples Strategies Exploited Utilizing the aforementioned criteria as a simple guideline should make it possible for a writer to locate a proper topic. Since you may see, finding an appropriate topic is not quite as simple as it might seem. A manageable topic is one which can be successfully performed within the page needs of the essay. When picking your research paper topic, you have to make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. Each paragraph needs to be restricted to the discussion of one general idea. In your introduction paragraph, it is sufficient to introduce the topic and supply meaningful background details. Well, first, you are going to want to find good persuasive speech topics. Students need more practical subjects to learn the way to use distinctive things. They should be careful about posting on social media. They should be allowed to pray in school. They are used to the fact that their professors give them the assignment's topic. Rather than assuming the job of identifying essay complications, teachers are now able to offload a few of that chore to technology. Usually, students find it complicated to opt for a suitable topic. While trying to understand how to write a persuasive essay step by step, they forget about another critical activity. When they are writing their argumentative essays that have to find, read and analyze lots of material to perform good. There are over a dozen varieties of essays, therefore it's easy to become confused. While there are lots of diverse forms of essays, an expository essay is perhaps among the most systematic. To discover argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. You should understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. Successful informative essays need a great thesis. Writing an outline is a rather effective approach to think through how you'll organize and present the info in your essay. These topics will be helpful for folks who need to compose essays about the subject mentioned above in the shape of a normal job. Essay topics in English can be hard to produce. When you revise your essay, you've got to make sure its organization is totally appropriate to your intended audience, the paper context, and the goal. You might also want to incorporate a quick discussion of more research that ought to be completed in light of your work. Superior background wisdom and suitable organization are crucial. Learning There are plenty of strategies and approaches to learning and grasping the exact same materials. In addition, taking a fair stand on the issue (instead of an extreme one) will also result in more credibility. All you will need is to select the one which reflects your private interest an d acknowledgment. If you can select the problem all on your own, it's possible to think of the issue of interest! A lot of people are passionate about various environmental problems. Top Outstanding Social Issue Persuasive Essay Samples Choices Certain informative essay issues take a very long period to finish a last paper. An essay is just a sheet of content that's written from the perception of writer or author. If it's necessary to write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Don't forget that any argumentative essay sample you'll discover on the internet will require a full rewriting in order to prevent plagiarism. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. You may also use low-cost customized essay writing services. There are several free examples of appropriate formatting.

Crime And Punishment Is It A Crime - 1631 Words

Crime and Punishment Anytime there has been a crime, there has been a need for punishment for that crime. As a society, many of us feel that punishment should be rendered for crimes committed, but the type of punishment is always up for debate. Our concept of criminal law and its norms include honesty and responsibility for one’s actions and insists on moral culpability, in the form of mens rea and voluntariness (David, 2012). â€Å"Offenders who publicly accept responsibility for their crimes are more likely to internalize that responsibility than those who persist in denying guilt† (David, 2012, p. 64). Behind this concept is that of deterrence against future criminal actions. The rule instituting punishment is not solely an instruction to†¦show more content†¦10). Many times the offenders are ordered to pay back their victims for their loss, the justice system for costs related to processing their cases, and society for the disruptions caused because of their crimes (Siegel Bartollas, 2013). Another view is that punishment teaches a lesson, in which the state demonstrates its discontentment of their conduct and in so doing shows them not to replicate their transgressions (Siegel Bartollas, 2013). â€Å"Corrections serves as a substitute for language, and its important message is that society condemns the behavior committed† (Siegel Bartollas, 2013, p. 6). This is done with deterrence measure, which is aimed to prevent others from committing similar crimes (Siegel Bartollas, 2013). Lastly, it’s thought that punishment maintain the government, social structure, and society (Siegel Bartollas, 2013). Since the government cannot endure unless it upholds a set of rules that create, support, and protect its structure and process, laws are created to control behaviors that threaten security and well-being, and provides that people may be corrected or punished if they engage in socially proscribed wrongs (Siegel Bartollas, 2013). â€Å"Because criminal laws are designed to protect the social fabric, the defendant must answer not just to the individual victim, but to the whole polity through its criminal courts† (Siegel Bartollas, 2013, p. 7). Sentencing laws have changed over the years. TheShow MoreRelatedCrime and Punishment934 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment Criminology Rawphina Maynor Mr. Arata Saturday AM Crime and punishment through time has made some dramatic changes. The earliest form of written code is the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, though most of western law comes from Ancient Rome. In 451 BC the Roman Republic issued the Law of the Twelve Tables that constituted the basis of Roman law. Theft and assault were crimes committed against individual and required the victim to prosecute the offender before the appropriateRead MoreCrime And Punishment And The Punishment2363 Words   |  10 Pages In every country, a crime committed has a punishment that goes hand in hand with it. The nature of the crime determines the punishment that follows it. The nature of the punishment also depends on the law that operates in the country in which the crime is committed. Different crimes attract different penalties. For instance, crimes involving murder may attract capital punishment on the criminal, or life jail sentence depending on the circumstances surrounding the murder. Capital offences do attractRead MoreIs It A Crime Or Punishment?1084 Words   |  5 PagesWhat constitutes whether something is a crime or punishment? This varies depending on where one lives, their culture and their personal beliefs. For instance if someone was on trial for claims of child abuse they might not see their actions toward the child as abusive. If the person is on trial it is likely that other people do not share the accused’s opinion. The difference in opinion can be a result of being raised wit h different beliefs. An example of differentiate opinion is the matter of spankingRead MoreNotes On Crime And Punishment1576 Words   |  7 PagesYr 8 Depth Study 1 - Crime Punishment Inquiry Scaffold 1. Read the sections in the national archives source before 1450 and 1450 - 1750. You need to look at the summary and at least two of the case studies found at the top right of each page. Record the details of the case studies that you read. Case Study 1 - Summary Notes (Crime before 1450 - nonviolent offences) Case Study 2 - Summary notes (Punishment before 1450 - capital punishment) Case Study 3 - Summary Notes (Crime prevention 1450 - 1750Read MoreThe Philosophy Of Crime And Punishment1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Philosophy of Puppetry in Crime and Punishment Consider the design of a puppet. When observing this structure, one will give attention to the source of the puppet’s actions being dictated by the puppeteer. These actions are able to be transmitted from the will of the puppeteer into the puppet through the strings that the puppeteer uses to control specific parts of the puppet. Furthermore, one can infer that the strings of the puppet are the motive behind the puppet’s action. If the puppet’s actionsRead MoreSummary : On Crimes And Punishments1139 Words   |  5 PagesIngrid Nin â€Å"Licentious†. â€Å"Ill-directed†. â€Å"Barbarity†. These are only some of the words used by Enlightenment philosophe, Cesare Beccaria, to describe the manner in which the Old Regime handled the criminal justice system in his book, On Crimes and Punishments. As a proponent for enlightenment thinking, Beccaria published the text to â€Å"diffuse the knowledge of†¦ philosophical truths† (), like many philosophes did during the Age of Reason. He believed that through this â€Å"rational beings† would rise upRead MoreCrime and Punishment Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesCrime at its simplest is an act prohibited by law upon pain of punishment (Hall-Williams 1964). Theorists such as McCabe (1983:49) stated that no word in legal and criminological terms could define the word crime for the varying content in which an act is categorised. Due to the broad spectrum surrounding crime, differing understandings about human subjects and premises lead t o the development of several theories, assumptions and forms of criminal law. Michael and Adler (1933:2) are often citedRead Morepunishment for petty crimes1650 Words   |  7 Pagesfine? I would gladly prefer the latter. The prison has a â€Å"revolving door† as if welcoming persons to come again. We need to replace this door with job services and opportunities and quality rehabilitation. A prison term is not the answer to petty crimes in our Bahamian society. The jail house is already surpassed its max capacity, take away persons there for traffic violations, littering, marijuana possession, shoplifting or other petty offences and you have saved the Bahamian government and taxRead MorePunishment For Committing A Crime Essay2085 Words   |  9 PagesPunishment for committing a crime is a common and widespread practise across the world. The moral reasons as to why punishment is used in response to crime can vary greatly. Two theories of punishment include consequentialism, the belief that punishment should be performed because of the good consequences that come from it; and retributivism, the belief that it is morally justified to punish criminals because they deserve it, regardless of the consequences. These theories of morally justified punishmentRead MoreGuilt Crime and Punishment1556 Words   |  7 Pageswhen they are accused of a crime they have committed, substantial, and minimal. Though there are exceptions sometimes when guilt begins to form and we have no power over it. On the contrary Guilt can also be when somebody who is blameless are said to have committed the crime. Guilt can come in many forms but one most common is a emotion. Though majority of all people that have a conscience feel bad for the wrongdoing that they commit. In the novels Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky and Metamorphosis